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1  Introduction

Pattern matching is one of the key features of the ML family of programing languages. Pattern matching favors reasoning (and programming) on a case by case basis. This style of reasoning calls for two basic checks: Are all cases considered? And, is any case subsumed by some others? In pattern matching terms, one wishes to write exhaustive pattern matching expressions whose clauses all are useful. ML compilers should normally flag pattern matching expressions that do not comply with those two basic assumptions or, in other words, expressions that exhibit such anomalies. By doing so, compilers provide an important help to programmers in detecting errors.

Techniques for compiling pattern matching fall into two classes, depending whether they target decision tress or backtracking automata. If we compare the two in their ability to provide diagnostics, the decision tree technique has one advantage: checks can be carried on the decision trees, since decision trees are complete and include no dead code. By contrast, backtracking automata cannot be easily analyzed. However, for reasons beyond the scope of this paper Le Fessant and Maranget [2001], some compiler designers choose the backtracking technique. This is, for instance, the case of Objective Caml Leroy et al. [2003] and our initial motivation was to carry out the pattern matching checks for this compiler. Our initial idea was of course to use a simplified version of compilation to decision trees. However, it appears that checking pattern matching requires much less work than compiling pattern matching, up to the point that our final algorithm can be considered as more than just a stripped down version of compilation to decision trees. Furthermore, studying checks per se, independently from compilation, finally yields a very general solution: our pattern matching analyzer gives valid answers for both ML and Haskell, whose semantics are quite different.

We divide our study into two parts. In part I, we define pattern matching anomalies, introduce an algorithm that detects both anomalies, and prove the correctness of our algorithm with respect to the strict, lazy, and Haskell semantics of pattern matching. Part II describes the implementation of our algorithm. That is, we show how to refine and adapt our algorithm to the initial, practical, question of providing precise warnings to users. More specifically, in Section 5 we show how to strengthen a diagnostic of non-exhaustiveness by supplying examples of non-matching values. Then, in Section 6, we examine useless pattern detection, an important refinement of simple useless clause detection. This refinement naturally arises in the presence of or-patterns, a convenient feature to group clauses with identical actions. Finally, we analyze the efficiency of our implementation and conclude.


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